MATLAB Advanced Topics MATLAB 高級主題

Character Arrays (Strings) 字符數組（字符串）

• Character Arrays are character matrices. 字符數組是字符矩陣。 A = 'This is a String.'B = A(1:5)C = [A ; A]
• char() and abs(): convert from integers to the ascii equivalents and vice versa. char() 和 abs()：從整數轉換為 ascii 等效值，反之亦然。 A = char(48)B = abs('String')
• num2str() and mat2str(): generate string representations of numeric matrices. 生成數字矩陣的字符串表示。
• str2num(): parse a number from a string 從字符串中解析數字
• sprintf() and fprintf(): format strings. 格式化字符串。
• strcmp() and strcmpi(): Compare strings (case sensitive/insensitive) 比較字符串（區分大小寫/不區分大小寫）
• strfind(): nd the occurrences of one substring inside another. 在另一個子字符串內查找子字符串的出現。

Cell arrays 單元數組

• A more general and power data structure than matrices. 比矩陣更一般和強大的數據結構。

• The same cell array can hold elements of different types: 數組可以包含不同類型的元素：

  • numeric matrices of different sizes; 數字矩陣的不同大小；
  • character arrays of different sizes and shapes; 字符數組的不同大小和形狀；
  • other cells; 其他單元；
  • structs; 結構體；
  • objects. 對象。

  B = {[1,2,3],'hello',1;[3;5],'yes','no'}

• To create a new cell array: 創建新的單元數組：

  A = cell(2,4)

Indexing cell arrays 單元數組索引

• One important concept: A n-by-m cell array is made up of $n \times m$, 1-by-1 cell arrays,

• Two ways to index into and assign into a cell array:

  • () brackets: access or assign cells; Cell = B(1,2)

  • {} brackets: access or assign the data within those cells. String = B{1,2}

• We must be very careful what kind of brackets we use. Which one is better? 我們必須非常小心我們使用什麼樣的支架。哪一個更好？

  B(1,2) = {'test'} B{1,2} = 'test' B{1,2} = {'test'}

Operating cell arrays 單元數組操作

• We can operate cell arrays just as matrices, e.g., transpose, reshape,replicate, concatenate, and delete. 我們可以像矩陣一樣操作單元數組，例如轉置，重塑，複製，連接和刪除。

• cellfun(): to apply a function to the data inside every cell: 對每個單元內的數據應用函數：

  A = {'A', 'test', 'message', 'Which'} [nrows, ncols] = cellfun(@size, A)

• We can convert between matrices and cell arrays using num2cell(), mat2cell(), and cell2mat(). 我們可以使用 num2cell()，mat2cell() 和 cell2mat() 在矩陣和單元數組之間轉換。

Set Operations 集合操作

• Matrices and cell arrays can be operated as sets or multisets.
• Set operation functions: union(), intersect(), setdiff(), setxor(), and ismember().
• unique(): extract the unique elements of a cell array or matrix. uniqueNums = unique([1,2,1,1,2,3,4,4,5,3,2,1])uniqueNames = unique(f'Bob','Fred','Bob','Ed'g)

Putting all together: a worked example 將所有東西放在一起：一個工作例子

Let's analyse William Shakespeare's Hamlet: 讓我們分析威廉·莎士比亞的《哈姆雷特》：

• How many unique words? 有多少唯一的單詞？
• What are the most frequent words? 最常見的單詞是什麼？

Structs 結構體

• Organize data and access it by name { use it as a simple database. Similar to cell arrays, structs store elements of different types. 結構體用於組織數據並通過名稱訪問它們（將其用作簡單的數據庫）。類似於單元數組，結構體存儲不同類型的元素。
• We can also add/remove fields: 我們還可以添加/刪除字段： S = struct('name','shan','matrix',[1 1; 2 2])S.nameS.newField = 'foo'S = rmfield(S,'matrix')
• Structs can be stored in cell arrays and matrices. 結構體可以存儲在單元數組和矩陣中。
• We can access elds by strings, useful in runtime: 我們可以通過字符串訪問字段，這在運行時很有用： fieldname = 'name'distance = S.(fieldname)

Struct arrays 結構體數組

• Struct array: an array of structs all having the same eldnames 結構數組：所有具有相同字段名的結構數組 S = struct('name',fg,'Salary',fg)S(1) = struct('name','Shan','Salary',100)S(2) = struct('name','Volka','Salary',300)
• Eectively can be seen as a table:
  • To access a record of elds (row): S(1)
  • To access a column of elds: S.name
  • To access a eld: S(1).name
• We can convert between cell arrays and struct arrays: cell2struct() and struct2cell()

Hash tables: Containers.map 哈希表：Containers.map

• Hash tables map keys to values by hash function. Two parts:

  • Key: a string or numeric scalar
  • Value: anything

  k = {'UK', 'Italy', 'China'} v = {'London', 'Rome', 'Beijing'} CapitalsMap = containers.Map(k, v)

• To list all keys and values by keys() and values()

• To add new entry: CapitalsMap('USA') = 'Washington D.C.'

• To retrieve values: CapitalsMap('USA') values(CapitalsMap, {'USA', 'Italy'})

Debugging 調試

• keyboard(): add the it anywhere in your m-file to stop at that point. Type return to continue 將它添加到您的 m 文件中的任何位置以在該點停止。輸入返回以繼續
• Use break points: step one line at a time, continue on until the next break point, or exit debug mode 使用斷點：一次一行，繼續直到下一個斷點，或者退出調試模式
• dbstop: Set breakpoints for debugging: 設置斷點以進行調試：
  • dbstop if error: stops execution at the rst run-time error that occurs outside a try-catch block. 停止在 try-catch 块之外發生的第一個運行時錯誤時執行。
  • dbstop if naninf: stops if there is an infinite value (Inf) or a value that is not a number (NaN) 如果存在無限值 (Inf) 或非數字值 (NaN)，則停止
  • dbstop if EXPRESSION: stops if EXPRESSION evaluates to true 如果 EXPRESSION 計算為 true，則停止

Object Oriented Programming (OOP) in MATLAB 物件導向程式設計（OOP）在 MATLAB 中

• Q1: What is OOP? 物件導向程式設計（OOP）是什麼？

• A1: Design of programmes using "objects". 使用「物件」設計程式。

• Q2: What is objects? 物件是什麼？

• A2: Data structures that encapsulate data elds and methods that interact with each other via the object's interface. 封裝數據字段和與該對象介面互動的方法的數據結構。

• Q3: When to use OOP? 何時使用 OOP？

• A3: When "the number of functions becomes large, designing and managing the data passed to functions becomes difficult and error prone". 當「函數的數量變大，設計和管理傳遞給函數的數據變得困難且容易出錯」時。

OOP in MATLAB: an example MATLAB 中的 OOP：示例

• Before seeing the example, some important concepts: 在看到示例之前，一些重要的概念：

  • Class: A kind of prototype, or specication for the construction of a objects of a certain class. 類：一種原型，或者某種類的對象構造的規範。
  • Objects: Instances of a class. 物件：類的實例。
  • Properties: Fields that store data. 屬性：存儲數據的字段。
  • Methods: The operations we want to perform on the data. 方法：我們想在數據上執行的操作。

• You can download my OOP example at here. 你可以在這裡下載我的 OOP 示例。

• You can learn more from MathWorks' Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming in MATLAB

Building MATLAB Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs) 建立 MATLAB 圖形用戶界面（GUI）

• MATLAB GUI: a gure window providing pictorial interface to a program. MATLAB GUI：提供圖形界面的圖形窗口以供程序使用。
• Two ways of building GUIs: 兩種建立 GUI 的方法：
  • GUIDE (GUI Development Environment). GUIDE（GUI 開發環境）。
  • Create m-les that generate GUIs as functions or scripts 創建將 GUI 生成為函數或腳本的 m 文件
• useful links: 有用的鏈接：
  • MATLAB GUI tutorial
  • Youtube tutorial

Code optimisation: where to optimise 代碼優化：優化的地方

• Generally MATLAB is slower than C/JAVA, but it is not always the case. 一般來說，MATLAB 比 C / JAVA 慢，但這並不是一定的。
• Optimise bottlenecks in your code. 優化您的代碼中的瓶頸。
• To identify bottlenecks we need to prole the code: profile on/off 為了識別瓶頸，我們需要分析代碼：分析開/關
• To view the prole: profile viewer 查看分析結果
• Timing your code: use tic before your code and toc afterwords 為您的代碼計時：在您的代碼之前使用 tic，在代碼之後使用 toc

Code optimisation: techniques 代碼優化：技術

• Pre-allocate memory: 預分配內存
• Vectorisation: making your code work on array-structured data in parallel, rather than using for-loops. Visit MathWorks' Code Vectorization Guide 矢量化：讓您的代碼並行處理數組結構數據，而不是使用 for 循環。訪問 MathWorks 的 代碼向量化指南
• Use built-in functions 使用內置函數
• Some useful functions for vectorisation: 一些有用的向量化函數：
• Finally, if you cannot vectorise your code, write it in C/C++ and call them using MEX (See Matworks' tutorial here) 最後，如果您無法向量化您的代碼，請使用 C / C++ 編寫它們，然後使用 MEX 調用它們（在這裡查看 Matworks 的教程）